Reddit reviews Cool Math for Hot Music: A First Introduction to Mathematics for Music Theorists (Computational Music Science)

Physics helps develop an understanding of acoustics, but I'm not sure that it can account for musical phenomena in the way that music theory can. For instance, as far as I know, you can't determine whether there is an EEC deferral in a sonata exposition through the tools physics provides.

There are musical applications of mathematics, however. Group theory, geometry, topology all have a spot. I point you toward the following:

Guerino Mazzola et al:

• The Topos of Music I: Theory: Geometric Logic, Classification, Harmony, Counterpoint, Motives, Rhythm
  
  
• The Topos of Music II: Performance: Theory, Software, and Case Studies
  
  
• The Topos of Music III: Gestures: Musical Multiverse Ontologies
  
  
• Cool Math for Hot Music: A First Introduction to Mathematics for Music Theorists
  
  
• Musical Creativity: Strategies and Tools in Composition and Improvisation
  
  John Clough and Jack Douthett:
  
  
• Maximally Even Sets
  
  Jack Douthett and Peter Steinbach:
  
  
• Parsimonious Graphs: A Study in Parsimony, Contextual Transformation, and Modes of Limited Transposition
  
  Neo-Riemannian theory, as represented by Richard Cohn, David Lewin and Brian Hyer, can get a little mathy. Also look into the work of Dmitri Tymoczko.

I don't know much about western music but your question piqued my interest and a quick search yielded this, which looks interesting:

Cool Math for Hot Music: A First Introduction to Mathematics for Music Theorists