Reddit reviews Fixed Income Analysis (CFA Institute Investment Series)

Bond Economics is pretty good blog resource. And the CFA book fixed income analysis is a really thorough read (academic though and made for post-grad study), you can find that at libgen rus or other places around the internet. Also Stephen Moyer has a book on distressed debt valuation is a super good read. That said, to get bonds outside of ETF's you do need a large amount of money and a premium broker.

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EDIT (due to not reading the full Qu's): Vanguard bond ETFs are usually safer than holding one type of bond due to diversification risk. I.e from what I know about XTB you're getting one companies bonds.

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In terms of yields, generally this calced by risk. The riskier the bond the higher the yield. A totally safe bond like a Western governments will have a low yield as investors are confident it will be paid back. A shitty corporate bond with no assets will have a large yield as it is risky.

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There is also where bonds full in capitalisation rank. I.e those secured by assets (that investors can get to in case of default) will have a lower yield than those that are not secured.

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The rabbit hole for how yield is calced goes very deep my man and has many moving parts. This has barely scratched the surface.