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There are a few ways to do this depending on your model organism and preparation.
You can inject a viral vector with a cell type specific promoter driving the expression of a fluorescent protein in a live animal. Depending on the vector used, you wait a few days to a week and then sacrifice the animal. You can then use classic immunohistochemical techniques to detect the gfp or whatever fluorescent protein you used. You could also just use immunohistochemistry with a cell type specific antibody to begin with. Then you’d most likely want to take confocal images and use 3D reconstruction software. If your question involves more intracellular structures rather than general morphology, you’d want to process the tissue for electron microscopy. It would allow you to look at synapses, dendritic terminals, etc.
Caveats to always remember are the sensitivity and specificity of the antibodies you’re using.
If you have a slice preparation, you can fill individual cells with something like Lucifer yellow to see the whole shape and morphology - don’t think you can also select for specific cell type with that though.
If you’re interested in learning more about techniques, I highly recommend this book: https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/0128005114/ref=dp_ob_neva_mobile