I remember reading your original post. I'm glad you went to your first mass and will be studying Catholicism.
Have you heard of the book Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist by Dr. Brant Pitre? It explains the Eucharist from a Jewish perspective. I highly recommend it to anyone studying Catholicism.

Would it help if we just renamed ourselves "Followers of the Jewish Messiah?" Christianity is just the name of the collection of people who ended up following Jesus as the Messiah. Some of us strongly follow our Jewish roots in our practices under the New Covenant.

Brendan Pitre has a book about Jewish Roots of the Eucharist. I think the case for the fourth cup of the Passover is quite convincing. But that cup is the same as the cup of suffering that you're referring to. That's what it symbolizes.

Link to book: https://www.amazon.com/Jesus-Jewish-Roots-Eucharist-Unlocking/dp/0385531842

You might actually have the same view as us on the Eucharist (I'm not really sure) but I

LOVE

Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist by Brant Pitre. Its simply phenomenal.

I highly recommend this video "Letters to a Rabbi About Jesus", it answers a few of your questions and raises many other good points as well.

For reading, I recommend "Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist"" and The Crucified Rabbi

Finally, Saint Justin Martyrs "Dialogue with Trypho" can also be instructive, but it's a bit less accessable than the other sources I've listed.

We are here to support you on your journey home, brother/sister.

First, you should know that the Canon of Scripture (the Bible) is not meant to be read from cover-to-cover as a coherent, linear story. Scripture is a collection of books, some of which contain poetry, some song, some pre-history myth, some parable, some wisdom sayings, some history, and some letters to a distinct audience.

One resource I have heard good reviews about is the Quick Journey through the Bible series by Ascension Press. It is intended as a course of study with a group, though.

Other good resources for reading Scripture are:

• Bible Basics for Catholics by Dr. John Bergsma
  
  
• You Can Understand The Bible: A Practical And Illuminating Guide To Each Book In The Bible by Peter Kreeft
  
  
• The Lamb's Supper
  
  For other good resources on returning to Catholicism, I recommend the following:
  
  
• Rome Sweet Home
  
  
• Born Fundamentalist, Born Again Catholic
  
  
• Reasons to Believe
  
  
• Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist
  
  Do not be afraid to go to study groups. As someone who has led study groups, my favorite people are those who come in eager for Truth and ready to ask questions.

Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist by Brant James Pitre

This is an amazing book. Every Catholic should own a copy.

There is a book called Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist (link). It goes into how Jesus' sacrifice mirrors the various sacrifices of the OT (particularly the passover lamb and the bread of the presence). While this book doesn't really go into all the details that you could pull out of Leviticus, it does show that if you don't understand the context of the Jewish ritual sacrifices and offerings, you can't really understand the Sacrifice on the Cross. Or put another way, you can't understand the New Covenant without understanding the Old Covenant and how the Old was fulfilled (and so superseded by) the New.

You could also look up the various commentaries by the Church Fathers (like Ignatious, Irenaeous, or Augustine) on the OT and Leviticus in particular. There is also Aquinas' commentary. All of them see types of Christ in the OT sacrificial rituals.

Finally, it's important to note that many Catholic rituals (particularly pre-Vatican II) were heavily based on ancient Jewish rituals.

As you continue your research, I think you will be surprised by just how Jewish the Catholic Church is. Many of our traditions and liturgical practices find their roots in Jewish traditions. The Church, the new Israel, is the fulfilment of the covenant. I would suggest Brant Pitre's Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist for a great explination of the Catholic Church's ties to Judiasim.

Brant Pitre talks about this in his Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist.

You might be interested in this popular work

I found this link & this book to be helpful