Reddit reviews Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (8th Edition)

The point was not to get functioning Linux system, the point was to learn how operating systems function at the lowest possible level.

Trying to set up Arch linux is, from what I hear, a good way to do so. Alternative is to read something like Operating Systems by William Stallings.

Stalling's Operating Systems was the textbook for my OS class in university. We covered everything you're asking about, although we didn't cover multi-core concurrency in too much detail.