Reddit reviews Selected Federalist Papers (Dover Thrift Editions)

Well this doesn't cover all of that, but if you want the thought process of the Founders when they went about writing the Constitution, The Federalist Papers is a good place to start. It is exactly what you asked for -
>the thoughts of what our Founders thought a government should be


I linked an edition which contains about 30 of the ones which are usually considered most influential.