Reddit reviews The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties (History of Imperial China)

Ah, excellent question!

There is much debate on the subject. There are some authors, such as Timothy Brook who believe that the Yuan and Mongol rule over China disrupted Chinese society. This is evident, according to these historians, by the division of China into four classes, with the majority Han Chinese occupying the lowest rung of this social order. This flipped traditional Chinese culture and ethnic hegemony on its head, drastically affecting the power of Han Chinese over China proper. This discrimination fostered resentment and anger, leading to the eventual founding of the Ming dynasty.

However, I would say that these historians are the minority. Most consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate Chinese dynasty, akin to the Qing. The Yuan maintain traditional political structures and cultural practices during their rule, and the leaders of the Yuan dynasty were careful not to portray themselves as Mongol overlords but rather the legitimate and rightful heir to the mandate of heaven, and thus, a legitimate Chinese government as opposed to a imperial fixture within the Mongol Empire. In fact, many structures established and perfected by the Yuan dynasty were continued and tinkered with by the Ming. Furthermore, the Yuan dynasty was instrumental in both the economic and cultural growth of China , connecting the country to larger trade networks and promoting and expanding art, drama, and poetry as well during the period. For more, check out Watt and Guxi's work on the period. Not a lot has been written in English on the subject, though the topic is fairly well contested and discussed in Chinese historiography.

So overall, I think it comes down to what one defines as a "Chinese" dynasty. If we are defining it through some sort of ethnic criteria (which I would not), then no, the Yuan dynasty clearly flipped existing ethnic hierarchies upon their head. However, if we are defining it alongside political and cultural traditions, then yes, the Yuan is a Chinese dynasty despite foreign rule, much like the Qing some three centuries later.

u/Erebus_of_darkness, u/Osroes-the-300th

There is a helpful and basic introductory series called "History of Imperial China". I have not read their books on the Yuan & Ming or the Qing, but I liked what I saw in their book on the Tang. They're basic, topical, and makes for an easy overview.

In America, the "New Qing" school mostly dominates discussion of Qing Dynasty history. China tends to view the Manchu Qing (and the Mongol Yuan) as part of a multicultural "China" state that has existed since time immemorial. "New Qing" disputes that by essentially arguing that the Manchu only considered "China" as one part of their empire, and thus ruled over Buddhist theocratic Tibet, Buddhist nomadic Mongolia, and Muslim Xinjiang (among others) differently from how it administered core China. This obviously ruffles feathers in China, since this ethnic-focused historiography seems to be trying to start something, but both sides of the ocean can probably agree that it at least provides a way of looking at things, including at ethnic relationships in Qing China. For New Qing, China Marches West is perhaps the most salient right now. You can also look at The Manchus (and look at The Tibetans in the same series while you're at it, since Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetans played important roles in the Ming, Qing, and modern China). Mark Eliot also is a prominent "New Qing" professor, and this seems to be his hallmark book, The Manchu Way.

During the Ming Dynasty, the Neo-Confucianism ideology solidified and became the guiding philosophy of East Asia. For a primary source peek at this philosophy, this translation of Wang Yangming seems a decent start.

The Forbidden City is the crowning achievement of Chinese palatial architecture, a culmination of imperial wisdom transmitted across thousands of years. No less, this book is a great, short introductory resource that is visually pleasing. I don't think it's a direct translation of the author's authoritative Chinese works, but he is the foremost expert on the architecture of the Forbidden City, and Nancy Steinhardt is an excellent authority on traditional Chinese architecture.

See if you can't find this book, The Class of 1761, in a library, going through the minutiae of the Chinese imperial examination system. I plan to look at this as well.

Chinese literature and opera came into maturity during the Ming and Qing Dynasty. So if you're feeling for long reads, read any of the Four Classic Novels of China. In particular, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, while not covering Ming or Qing (written in late Yuan/early Ming) will let you interface with literally any East Asian since they will know all the anecdotes and the Dream of the Red Chamber is noted for its extreme depth (entire departments devoted to studying it) and particular insight into mid-Qing society.

For opera, probably the Peony Pavilion is good enough, as a classic of Kunqu opera, the OG Chinese opera.

And honestly, just go to chinaknowledge.de ... It's a very comprehensive website surprisingly enough.