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In the interest of trying to recommend books you may not have read, I am suggesting some that may seem far afield from books like HPMOR. But I have read each of them multiple times and loved them, and all of them gave me a lot to think about.

I just created a comment for Chapter 85 recommending Between Silk and Cyanide by Leo Marks. It is non-fiction, a painfully honest autobiography, and not very similar except for the bits about Knut Haukelid, but it is an amazing book. The author was the head of codes for SOE during WWII and so the book is about cryptography and secrets. And courage. I'm reading it for the third time right now.

Tuf Voyaging is a collection of short stories by George R. R. Martin (no one named Stark is in it), about Haviland Tuf, a misanthropic cat-loving merchant who starts with his humble ship "Cornucopia of Excellent Goods at Low Prices" and ends up with terrifying power and some hard decisions to make about how to use it. I'd call it comedy because it is hilarious, but it is also brilliantly-written horror.

Memoirs Found in a Bathtub is a tiny surreal book by Stanislaw Lem, about a journal uncovered by a post-apolcalyptic civilization. The main character has no name, and is apparently a spy on a mission so secret even he doesn't know about it. It is nightmarish, has absolutely no rationality to it at all, is clever and unlike any other book I've read, and most people haven't heard of it.

The Control of Nature by John McPhee is another non-fiction book. I recommend it for the beauty of the language, the depth of the research, and the fact that it is incredibly fascinating and impossible to put down. McPhee makes every person he meets into someone you want to know, and his science has substance without ever losing that sense of wonder.

Oh, you're in for a treat. I'm not sure where you can get them these days, if they've been completely translated yet or not (I've read bootleg translations, pretty good), but I'd recommend these two:

The Monogatari series - just an awesome mix of action, silly, sexy and surreal:
http://www.amazon.com/KIZUMONOGATARI-Wound-Tale-NISIOISIN/dp/1941220975/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1454151508&sr=1-1&keywords=nishio+ishin

Haruhi Suzumiya - starts as light fun, ends up as hard SF. I think the best time-travel sf series I've read, among other things.
http://www.amazon.com/Melancholy-Haruhi-Suzumiya-Nagaru-Tanigawa/dp/0316039020

I really like the Laundry Files novel series by Charles Stross. It's hard fantasy, is very well written, and is quite fascinating.

Basically it follows a British secret agent as he tries to survive various adventures. He works as an IT guy and a computational demonologist in an agency that deals with the supernatural. The idea is that using certain advanced mathematics and science you can breach walls in reality, summon interdimensional aliens (AKA demons), get them to do stuff, etc. If you run those algorithms in your head you run the risk of having the demons eat your brains. If you run them on a computer, you get to be far more powerful.

Here are a couple of free short stories from that universe: http://www.tor.com/tags/Laundry%20Files

Also, here is the first book in the series: The Atrocity Archives

I highly recommend these books. They are very neat, and the series is still being written. The latest book came out this summer - I can't wait for the next one.

I know there is Luminosity, a Twilight fanfic. This was specifically inspired by HPMOR, as far as I know.

And someone from this community started writing a Pokémon fanfic.

Friendship is Optimal is also frequently mentioned in the same breath as HPMOR, but I don't know if it was inspired by it. It's not true fanfic, in that it doesn't really use any of the original characters or even the actual universe of the source material. It's still pretty good, though.

And as always in these conversations, I'd like to point out that Rational!Animorphs would be really cool and probably lends itself to this genre quite a lot. The only real hurdle to overcome is figuring out Z-space. ^(I'd do it myself, but I'm not a good writer.)

Edit: Since this is the top-rated comment, I'm going to update based on what others have said.

There's also Lighting Up the Dark, a Rational!Naruto fanfic that is explicitly based on an HPMOR omake.

And then there's Rationalising Death, a Death Note fanfic.

Edit 2: Hamlet and the Philosopher's Stone which is touched on in one of the omakes. Unlike the others, you have to pay for this one.

>"Gödel, Escher, Bach" by Douglas R. Hofstadter is the most awesome book that I have ever read. If there is one book that emphasizes the tragedy of Death, it is this book, because it's terrible that so many people have died without reading it."

Apparently I never got remotely far-enough into the book for this statement to make sense.

(I got tired of carrying that huge paperback around in my backpack.)

Lemme go get a Kindle copy.

I've heard good things about Good and Real.

>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach[2] , also recommended by Yudkowsky, is the most comprehensive, state of the art introduction to the theory and practice of artificial intelligence for modern applications. It's the leading textbook in the field of artificial intelligence, used in over 1100 universities worldwide. I think it's obvious why a community read-through of this would be beneficial.

Russel and Norvig is the standard textbook for "Good Old-Fashioned AI", ie: the kind that's not at all worthy of being called "AI". It's used as a textbook in the first course in GOFAI for undergrads. It teaches fairly little programming, very little mathematics, and covers nothing of the kind of modern machine-learning techniques that actually get results these days, let alone the increasingly elegant and advanced learning techniques that are yielding good models of what cognition is.

On the textbook front, though, I can recommend that anyone with basic Calc 1+2 under their belt can go ahead and read Introduction to Bayesian Statistics to get a first taste of how "Bayesianism" actually works, and also why it hasn't taken over the world already (hint: computational concerns).

True, though multi-factored Bayesian analysis is a thought experiment, and remember the point isn't the probabilities the point is to force your mind to consider factors, look how they combine empirically, and then come to decisions or conclusions.

Remember you chuck the end numbers out and go with your gut after you have forced yourself to think through all of the factors, instead of just taking the solutions you've seen.

Most of the predictions I've seen seem more based on the concepts in Blink where wisdom/expertise is comes from the patter matching Harry decries. Hell arguably I do a fair bit of it based on my meta interpretations.

On the up and down side many people express their odds in high percentages. That makes sense, other than the crack/tinfoils people aren't going to make predictions that don't have high probabilities based on inductive or deductive reasoning, but it's also a fair way to express certainty.

Also, minds don't deal with numbers well. Some people can be trained to do good mental arithmetic, or to be proficient judging an angel within a few degrees, so the difference between 14 and 17 percent being about one in six or one in seven is likely to be missed and things will stay often in approximate terms of numbers easy to conceptualize: ie under six.

That said most of my predictions are based on assumption that I see solution x among n plausible solutions with a approximate percentage of roughly 1/(n+k) or so, where the evidence is about equal and k is generally a fudge less than one. I have a hunch, usually based on Harry's hated pattern matching, that he also lauds as "asking how long it took last time. . . that's called taking the outside view." and I use it to promote a possibility and what I think the solution space is narrowed down to based on the evidence.

Often I throw up here things that come from looking for solutions instead of looking at the problem, with the intent of seeing if constructive /destructive criticism, occurs and I generally try to do the same, because good group discussion, vice groupthink can be very productive (in business this is often called and integrated product team or the like)

Maybe I should take HPMOR more seriously, but I'm in this for the fun and haven't taken the time for all of the series yet.

list of linked fictions in order posted repeats omitted, see my other comments for what EY said about them.

Dungeon Keeper Ami by Pusakuronu As a .docx

Mandragora (HP)

To The Stars (Madoka)

My Little Pony: Friendship is Betrayal (MLP)

Earthfic

Unequally Rational and Emotional(Negima/damn near everything)

The Missing Risk Premium (Non-Fic)

Mahou Sensei Negima manga


Harry Potter and the Natural 20 (HP/DnD)

Naruto: Game of the Year Edition(Naruto)

Big Human on Campus(Ranma/RosarioxVampire)

Friendship is Optimal (MLP)

Myou’ve Gotta Be Kidding Me(MLP)

Prince of the Dark Kingdom (HP)

Fallout Equestria (MLP)

Time Braid(Naruto)

Hybrid Theroy(Mega Crossover)

Luminosity (Twilight)

[Discworld] (http://i.imgur.com/kvqoC1h.jpg)

The Best Night Ever(MLP)

Imperfect Metamorphosis(Touhou)

Sanctum

Friendship is Optimal: Caelum est Conterrens(MLP)

Tales of Mu

Black Cloaks, Red Clouds (Naruto)

Dirty Old Men(Naruto)

The Eyre Affair (first novel in the Thursday Next series)

Postnuptial Disagreements(F/SN / Sekirei)

Saga of Soul

Murasakiiro no Qualia

NGE: Nobody Dies: The Trials of Kirima Harasami(Eva)

Love Lockdown(Naruto)

Worm

MLP Loops(MLP)

City of Angles

The Last Christmas

Branches on the Tree of Time(Terminator)

How I Learned To Stop Worrying and Love Lord Voldemort(HP)

Emperor of Zero(Familiar of Zero/Napoleon)

Cenotaph(Worm)

Memoirs of a Human Flashlight(Worm/Exalted)

She Who Skitters in Darkness(Worm/Exalted)

Goblin Queen(Worm/Exalted)

Starry Eyes(Worm/Lovecraft)

Tale of Transmigration(Worm)

Bug on a Wire.(Worm)

Sunshine

Toasterverse(Avengers)

Back Again(LOTR)

Carpetbaggers(Narnia)

A Bluer Shade of White (Frozen)

Metropolitan Man(Superman)

Ra

Homestuck

In Fire Forged(Naruto)

Right Moments(Ranma)

Hitherby Dragons

Nice Dragons Finish Last

The Shadow of What Was Lost

The Unwelcome Warlock

Path of the King (F/SN)

Gate! Thus the JSDF Fought There

Weaver Nine(Worm)

https://www.fanfiction.net/community/Rational-stories/117575/99/4/1/0/0/0/0/
https://www.reddit.com/r/rational

EY recently published a light novel, A Girl Corrupted by the Internet is the Summoned Hero?! Short but fun.

The Naruto rationalist fic The Waves Arisen may have been written by EY under a pseudonym. It's similar to HPMOR in style, though again it's much shorter.

Everyone seems to have forgotten about Hamlet and the Philosopher's Stone, probably neglected just because it's behind a paywall. One of my personal favorites out of the rational!fic literature! There's more about it here.

Also, some thoughts, mods: Can we add a "other Rationalist Fics" section to the sidebar, or maybe a wiki page with a link there? We'd include the other MoR-verse fics, the other rational!fics, and the Sequences, as a nice neat little resource for people who want more. That way, we won't have the need for so many redundant threads. And when they start a new fic, authors can PM the mods! Whatdya think?

A few recommendations....

Worm is an amazing fanfic, think Steelheart by Brandon Sanderson except more depressing. It has a slow beginning, but soon becomes awesome.
Synopsis:An introverted teenage girl with an unconventional superpower, Taylor goes out in costume to find escape from a deeply unhappy and frustrated civilian life. Her first attempt at taking down a supervillain sees her mistaken for one, thrusting her into the midst of the local ‘cape’ scene’s politics, unwritten rules, and ambiguous morals. As she risks life and limb, Taylor faces the dilemma of having to do the wrong things for the right reasons.

Lily and the Art of Being Sisyphus is hilarious and absurdist, a bit like Terry Pratchet. Still updating every two weeks.
Synopsis: Lily is not quite a normal little girl. The Dursleys always say she's a freak just like her freakish parents, her uncle Death seems to be convinced she's the grim reaper, and her ever political and invisible best friend Wizard Lenin just thinks she should take over the world. On top of all that the secret society of wizards think she's Jesus. AU female!Harry among other things.

Saga of Soul is Puella Magi Madoka Magica meets science. Slow to update though...
Synopsis: Meet Eriko, an introverted, intellectual teenage girl with good intentions. Now, watch Eriko get caught in the middle of multiple simultaneous plots as fairies, demons, inter-dimensional empires, evil geniuses, immortal killers, cosmic horrors and more all make their move, and it's up to her to save the day."Saga of Soul" tells the story of Eriko, A.K.A. Soul, as she strives to protect the world against all odds. Updated on an irregular basis.

Imperfect Metamorphosis Takerfoxx took a scrapped character from Touhou and made them an vengeful abomination bent on killing and absorbing everyone into their eldritch body.

To the Stars I guess this is like Star trek meets Puella Magi Madoka Magica? It's completely different from the source material, the world created is immense.
Synopsis:Kyubey promised that humanity will reach the stars one day. The Incubator tactfully refrained from saying too much about what they would find there.

Gods & Monsters God character development (or should I say character regression?) If you like broken characters trying to do the right thing, take a look.
Synopsis: Miranda struggles to keep a fractured Jane Shepard focused on the task of defeating the Collectors. Meanwhile, Maya Brooks steals Shepard's clone and tries to stay one step ahead of Cerberus. Pairings: It's complicated.

Legend of the Sun knight It's not a fanfic, but a fan translation of a popular Taiwanese novel. Gods cannot walk the earth, so they choose human representatives who are supposed to be perfect. The Sun knight is supposed to be the living carnation of justice and compassion; however he has megalomaniac tendencies...

Edit: added in synopsis

Amazon Link

I bought this a few months ago, and I recommend it.

He published this almost a year ago: A Girl Corrupted by the Internet is the Summoned Hero?!

It looks like Dark Lord's Answer was written first, but not published first because it wasn't up to Eliezer's standards, but he decided to publish it anyway.

A recent work that would be friends with the other books here is Everything is Obvious: Once You Know the Answer by Duncan Watts. It definitely overlaps with Kahneman's Thinking Fast and Slow, but Watts focuses specifically on how our commonsense explanations for why things happen, often do not usefully reflect reality. He also defends the use of sociology in light of Big Data. I keep meaning to stop just lurking LessWrong so I can write a proper review there.
Amazon link

Edit to add quote: "We claim to be saying that the Mona Lisa is the most famous painting in the world because it has attributes X, Y, and Z. But really what we're saying is that the Mona Lisa is famous because it's more like the Mona Lisa than anything else."

Also more complex than just telling people to read Thinking: Fast and Slow.

Good shit good shit.

I wrote a quick script to search the full text of HPMOR and return everything italicized and in title case, which I think got most of the books mentioned in the text:

Book title|Author|Mentioned in chapter(s)|Links|Notes
:---|:---|:---|:---|:---
Encyclopaedia Britannica| |7|Wikipedia|Encyclopaedia
Financial Times| |7|Wikipedia|Newspaper
The Feynman Lectures on Physics|Richard P. Feynman|8|Wikipedia|Full text is available online here
Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases|Amos Tversky|8|Amazon|
Language in Thought and Action|S.I. Hayakawa|8|Amazon Wikipedia |
Influence: Science and Practice|Robert B. Cialdini|8|Wikipedia|Textbook. See also Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
Rational Choice in an Uncertain World: The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making|Reid Hastie and Robyn Dawes|8|Amazon |Textbook
Godel, Escher, Bach|Douglas Hofstadter|8, 22|Amazon Wikipedia|
A Step Farther Out|Jerry Pournelle|8|Amazon|
The Lord of the Rings|J.R.R. Tolkien|17|Wikipedia|
Atlas Shrugged|Ayn Rand|20, 98|Wikipedia|
Chimpanzee Politics|Frans de Waal|24|Amazon|
Thinking Physics: Understandable Practical Reality|Lewis Carroll Epstein|35, 102|Amazon|
Second Foundation|Isaac Asimov|86|Wikipedia|Third novel in the Foundation Series
Childcraft: A Guide For Parents| |91|Amazon|Not useful if your child has a mysterious dark side

Also, this probably isn't technically what the OP was asking, but since the script returned fictional titles along with real ones, I went ahead and included them too:

Book title|Mentioned in chapter(s)
:---|:---
The Quibbler|6, 27, 38, 63, 72, 86
Hogwarts: A History|8, 73, 79
Modern Magical History|8
Magical Theory|16
Intermediate Potion Making|17
Occlumency: The Hidden Arte|21
Daily Prophet|22, 25, 26, 27, 35, 38, 53, 69, 77, 84, 86, 108
Magical Mnemonics|29
The Skeptical Wizard|29
Vegetable Cunning|48
Beauxbatons: A History|63
Moste Potente Potions|78
Toronto Magical Tribune|86
New Zealand Spellcrafter's Diurnal Notice|86
American Mage|86

As others mentioned, TVTropes has a virtually-exhaustive list of allusions to other works, which includes books that aren't explicitly named in the text, like Ender's Game

I assume that you mean this section from Chapter 47:

> "- so you don't have to take my word for it," said Draco, "you can see it, right? Anyone in Slytherin can. Dumbledore waited to fight his duel with Grindelwald until the exact moment when it would look best for Dumbledore, after Grindelwald had ruined most of Europe and built up a reputation as the most terrible Dark Wizard in history, and just when Grindelwald had lost the gold and blood sacrifices he was getting from his Muggle pawns and was about to start heading downhill. If Dumbledore was really the noble wizard he pretended to be, he'd have fought Grindelwald long before that. Dumbledore probably wanted Europe ruined, it was probably part of their plan together, he only attacked Grindelwald after his puppet failed him. And that big flashy duel wasn't real, there's no way two wizards would be so exactly matched that they'd fight for twenty whole hours until one of them fell over from exhaustion, that was just Dumbledore making it look more spectacular."

Or this one from Chapter 77:

> "Grindelwald possessed an ancient and terrible device," said Dumbledore. "While he held it, I could not break his defense. In our duel I could not win, only fight him for long hours until he fell in exhaustion; and I would have died of it afterward, if not for Fawkes. But while his Muggle allies yet made blood sacrifice to sustain him, Grindelwald would not have fallen. He was, during that time, truly invincible. Of that grim device which Grindelwald held, none must know, none must suspect, there must be not a single hint. And therefore you must not speak of it, and I will say no more for now. That is all, Harry. There is no moral to it, and no wisdom. That is all there is."

That these blood sacrifices were a product of the Holocaust is a logical thing to infer, but my confidence is low, mostly because we just don't know enough. Dumbledore saying "oh, there's a mysterious artifact that explains everything Draco told you, but I can't tell you anything else about it, and you shouldn't get any corroboration" raises my bullshit alarm. It's also unclear what's meant by "blood sacrifice".

(I would suggest The Atrocity Archives for a well done book with a similar theme, especially since we have perhaps three months to wait for the last chapters.)